This is a tentative symbol for the Bright Way, or possibly the Knights of the Sun.
The yellow circle symbolizes a star, stars being icons of The Light. The gear represents the Bright Way's scientific and engineering endeavors in pursuit of the Great Commandment, as well as the hearthkeeper's duty to tend the star hearth. It's also reminiscent of a prayer ring.
It's also supposed to give off corporate logo vibes, alluding to the Bright Way's past as a system-spanning megacorp.
Edit:
An alternative interpretation of the symbol is that the circle represents a planet, and the gear represents the noosphere that is created when sapience emerges. The Missionaries may have a version where there are two copies of the symbol with the gears meshed together, representing the merging of two noospheres.